← Sanskrit
Lesson 5: Akārānta Puṃliṅga Examples
- Rāmaḥ vanaṁ gacchati. — "Rama goes to the forest." (rāma)
- Arjunaḥ Kṛṣṇam namati. — "Arjuna bows to Krishna." (kṛṣṇa)
- Karṇaḥ rathena gacchati. — "Karna goes by chariot." (ratha)
- Saḥ putrāya phalaṁ dadāti. — "He gives a fruit to his son." (putra)
- Grāmāt janāḥ āgacchanti. — "People come from the village." (grāma)
- Bhīmasya patnī Hiḍimbā. — "Bhima's wife is Hidimba." (bhīma)
- Tvaṁ talpe nidrāṁ karoṣi. — "You sleep on the bed." (talpa)
- Arjunaḥ rathaṁ paśyati. — "Arjuna sees the chariot." (ratha)
- Saḥ putrābhyām phalaṁ dadāti. — "He gives a fruit to the two sons." (putra)
In example 3, the ṇatva rule could turn the "na" of "-ena" into a retroflex "ṇa," but it doesn't here. Ṇatva is the change of dental n to retroflex ṇ when it is preceded by r, ṛ, or ṣ in the same word. However, this change is blocked if certain sounds intervene. In rathena, the dental aspirate th belongs to the group of sounds that prevents the influence of r from reaching the n, so the ending remains -ena, not -eṇa. The permitted intervening sounds are vowels, the letter 'ha,' the semi-vowel 'ya,' the semivowel 'va,' guttural consonants, and labial consonants.
Homework
https://en.amarahasa.com/books/duryodhanah-kah/3/