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Lesson 9: Akārānta Napuṃsakaliṅga (Phala Śabdarūpa)
Akārānta Napuṃsakaliṅga means neuter words ending in the letter -a. Phala Śabdarūpa is a set of noun forms for phala ("fruit"). In the table below, each row is one vibhakti (case); each column is one vacana (grammatical number). Click a form to hide it and quiz yourself. Click again to reveal it.
Phala Śabdarūpa
Ekavacana
(singular) |
Dvivacana
(dual) |
Bahuvacana
(plural) |
Usage |
| phalam |
phale |
phalāni |
subject |
| phalam |
phale |
phalāni |
object |
| phalena |
phalābhyām |
phalaiḥ |
by / with / through |
| phalāya |
phalābhyām |
phalebhyaḥ |
for |
| phalāt |
phalābhyām |
phalebhyaḥ |
from |
| phalasya |
phalayoḥ |
phalānām |
of |
| phale |
phalayoḥ |
phaleṣu |
in / on / at |
Ktvānta Pratyaya: the suffix -tvā (its Pāṇinian name is ktvā, though the initial k doesn't actually appear in the resulting word) attaches to a verb root to form an indeclinable participle meaning "having [done the verb]" — an action completed before the main verb of the sentence. It never declines; it stays the same regardless of the subject's person, number, or gender.
- kṛ ("to do") + ktvā → kṛtvā, "having done"
- tyaj ("to renounce / abandon") + ktvā → tyaktvā, "having renounced" (the j of tyaj devoices to k before the suffix's t)
- gam ("to go") + ktvā → gatvā, "having gone" (gam loses its final nasal before the suffix)