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Lesson 1: Svarāḥ

Svarāḥ means vowels. Every vowel comes in two lengths: hrasva (short) or dīrgha (long).

Hrasva & Dīrgha

hrasva (short) a i u lṛ
dīrgha (long) ā ī ū lṝ
lṛ and lṝ are rare vowels. They mostly only show up in Vedic Sanskrit.

Sandhyakṣara

Sandhyakṣara comes from sandhi + akṣara. Akṣara means "letter" or "undying" (a- "not" + kṣara "perishable/decaying"). Sandhyakṣara are the vowels formed by combining two other vowels.

Length Combination Result
hrasva sandhyakṣara a + i e
a + u o
dīrgha sandhyakṣara a + e ai
a + o au
All four sandhyakṣara (e, ai, o, au) are treated as dīrgha — they have no hrasva form of their own.
Lesson 2: Vyañjanāḥ →