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Lesson 2: Vyañjanāḥ

Vyañjanāḥ means consonants. The 25 stop consonants are organized into five vargas (meaning "collections" or "groups"), each named after its first letter. Each column shares a 'manner' of articulation.

Varga (place) Unaspirated
voiceless
Aspirated
voiceless
Voiced
unaspirated
Voiced
aspirated
Nasal
Kavarga/kaṇṭhya (guttural) ka kha ga gha ṅa
Cavarga/tālavya (palatal) ca cha ja jha ña
Ṭavarga/mūrdhanya (retroflex) ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa
Tavarga/dantya (dental) ta tha da dha na
Pavarga/oṣṭhya (labial) pa pha ba bha ma
Nasal assimilation: within a word, the nasal consonant that comes right before a stop consonant is the nasal belonging to that stop's own varga. That's why pañca ("five") is spelled with ñ (the cavarga nasal) before c (also cavarga), rather than with a plain n.
← Lesson 1: Svarāḥ Lesson 3: Antasthāḥ, Anusvāra, and Visarga →