Antasthāḥ literally means "inner-standing." They are considered to be inbetween consonants and vowels.
| ya | ra | la | va |
|---|
Uṣmāṇaḥ are called sibilants because they make a hissing sound.
| śa | ṣa | sa | ha |
|---|---|---|---|
| tālavya (palatal) | mūrdhanya (retroflex) | dantya (dental) | kaṇṭhya (guttural) |
The anusvāra (ṁ) is a nasal sound that can take the form of any of the five varga nasals (nasal → anunāsika), depending on the consonant that follows it.
The visarga (ḥ) appears at the end of a word and adds a breathy emphasis on the last vowel.